Meline V. Anumyan
“Deportation and Massacres: The Protocols of the Istanbul Military Tribunals on the Investigation of the Armenian Genocide. The Trial of the Unity and Progress Party, 1919-1922.” Compiled by Vahakn N. Dadrian, Taner Akcam, Bilgi University Press, Istanbul, 2008, 732 pages.
Summary
Artashes I. Shahnazaryan
The obvious distortion of historical facts and events in the publication “Goris 2010, a Season of the Theatre of the Absurd,” signed by Ramiz Mehtiev, the chief of staff of the president of the Republic of Azerbaijan are revealed in this article. “Scientists” are contributing to the ongoing anti-Armenian hysteria in Azerbaijan by ignoring the content of Armenian lithography and other original sources by “revealing” “dukes” and duchies in Medieval Artsakh, by appropriating the works by Armenian historians and their attempts at subterfuge are refuted by Arabic, Armenian and Georgian original sources.
Illustrated here is the latest incursion against Armenian history and Armenian culture by Azerbaijani “scientists,” which is intricately connected with that country’s consistent policy, since independence, of the massive destruction of Armenian monuments and the distortion of medieval place names and serves as a so-called “scientific basis” for such crimes.
Also elucidated here is their latest attempt to artificially present the time period of the formation of the Azerbaijani people older than it actually is and to connect them with the old and medieval history of the region.
Summary
Hovhannes G. Khorikyan
Movses Khorenatsi’s, “History of Armenia” contains information which reflects events and phenomena connected with Armenia in the 6th-4th centuries B.C. The comprehensive investigation of the “History of Armenia” provides the opportunity to make accurate historical-geographical definitions, and clarify its scope. The information provided by Movses Khorenatsi about Hayk and the first Haykides shows that the Armenian Highland, long before the Achaemenides, was mainly inhabited by Armenian tribes. In the article, we conclude that according to Movses Khorenatsi, Armenia till the 6th century B.C. had a large territory and its main territory, according to ancient sources, entered into the structure of the 13th satrapy of Achaemenid Persia. Satrapic Armenia was one of the largest and richest parts of Achaemenid Persia in the 6th-4th centiries B.C.
Summary
Dimitry N. Sargsyan
In the Hebraic manuscript of the Bible the mountains, upon which Noah’s Arkested, were situated in the country whose name was written with the ‘RR’T consonantal root. This is in accordance with the Country Urartu mentioned in Assyrian cueniform inscriptions. That Country Urartu was called Armina in Persian and Elamitic cueniform inscriptions, and in the Latin trnaslation of Indo- European origin of the Bible, it was called Armenia. The Greek translators of the Bible added the first letter ‘a’ of their alphabet to the consonant of the ‘RR’T consonontal root and got the Ararat country name. In fact, the mountains upon which Noah’s Ark rested were situated in Urartu-ArmeniaArarat country. But the Armenians were curious to know which was the mountain where Noah’s Arkrested in that country. The Armenians of the different provinces of UrartuArmenia-Ararat country composed different traditions; in this way they tried to show that the mountain upon which Noah’s Arkrested was situated in their province. In the traditions composed by the inhabitants of the Province Kordvats that mountain was Judi-Dagh. Pavstos Buzand, S. T. Yeremyan and G. Sargsyan followed that opinion. But in the traditions of the inhabitants of most of the provinces, Masis is considered to be that mountain because Masis was the highest mountain of the Country Urartu-ArmeniaArarat upon which rested Noah’s Ark and saved human race from the great flood. In later eras, after the V-VII centuries, Armenians influenced by the aforementioned names of their country, also called the mountain Masis in the name of Ararat, which carries the meaning of Urartu, as well as, is equivalent to the name, Armenia.
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Summary
Davit V. Petrosyan
The mythical period, one of the core ingredients of the mythical aesthetic structure, has received prominent expression in the three essays by Mushegh Galshoyan: “Crow Stone,” “The Torch of the Illuminator,” and “Where Are You Going, Old Man?”
With this objective in mind, the article examines one of the core understandings, which is specific to the mythical period and which is described as a transmission from timeliness to untimeliness. Thereby, a number of distinctive features of the inner world, which was specific to the spiritual time period, of Mushegh Galshoyan’s heroes are revealed.
There are a number of interesting parallels in the essays between mythical time and space, thanks to which different periods of time are revealed on the same plane and uncover new areas of mythical untimeliness.
The period, cyclical repetitions of time have also found their unique personification in myths. In this context, M. Galshoyan’s thinking goes back to the creative origin and finds parallels with the mythical period typical with the telling of the Bible.
The writer’s literary search in these essays clearly laid the foundation for the birth of his collection, “The Clouds of Mount Marouta.”
On the 90th Anniversary of their Signing
Summary
Armen Ts. Marukyan
The agreements signed in Moscow on March 16, 1921 and in Kars on October 13 of the same year, were sealed by gross infringements of norms and principles of International Law. With the help of the document signed in Kars, an attempt was only being made to “legalize” the Bolshevik-Kemal deal; which proudes ground to consider the Kars document not as a separate agreement, but as an attachment to the illegal document signed in Moscow.
The Republic of Armenia, as a subject of International Law, today can use the opportunities of International Law to neutralize or at least soften the threats of the aforementioned documents, which are not favourable for the Armenians.
The Theory of History L. Febvre and M. Bloch
Summary
Smbat Kh. Hovhannisyan
The achievements of the French Historical Movement (School) the “Annales” are obvious. The role of the founders, L. Febvre and M. Bloch, is significant in promoting the research area of the field. The borders of history and other social sciences have been extended, their interactions have been intensified. As a result, traditional (descriptive) history undertook a new mission of structuralizing the basic dimensions of historical time – the features of the past, present and future. Some scholars formulate this achievement as a “revolution in history.”
The crisis of traditional historiography had basic cases at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. It faces the problem of devising new methods of research. In its turn the latter a necessity has a risen to change the borders of history and various fields of the humanities (sociology, social anthropology, politology, geography etc.). Due to this, history, on the one hand, has expended its area of scope, and innovated on the other its research facilities.
Summary
Albert A. Makaryan
The sketches of “The Portraits and Personalities of the Nations Living in Different Quarters of the Capital” were edited by the brilliant Armenian satirist Hakop Paronian (1843-1891) and published in Constantinople in different issues (1874-1875) of the satiric paper Tatron (Theatre) under the dubious pen name Yes (I). This pa per is an attempt to finally verify that the mentioned work is only a variant of Paronian’s famous, “A Pro menade in the Quarters of Constantinople”. Accordingly, we conduct a thorough history of the Promenade… including a comparative study of the main text and its variants believed to be of disputed authorship. Moreover, we think that numerous literary miniatures, stories and short stories ascribed to an author known by the pen names Yes, Dun, Anika, Menq (I, You, He, We), which was actually created by Paronian, still remain scattered in old press issues. The satirical novel “Khachik of the Old World and Gabik of the New World” written in the dialect of Akn is among them. The mentioned literary work needs to be systematized and pub lished in a separate volume and thoroughly investigated. This will undoubtedly be a serious contribution to the enrichment of the satirist’s unique literary heritage.
Part One: Issues on Ethnic History
Summary
Babken H. Harutyunyan
In the present article an attempt is being made to investigate a number of issues concerning the ethnic and political history of Ałuank‘ or the Caucasian country called Albania.
According to the results of the investigation, the place name Albania from GrecoRoman sources and the place name Ałuank‘ from Armenian sources have merely Armełuank‘ from Armenian sources have merely Armeuank‘ from Armenian sources have merely Armenian origin and mean “a country of a fruitful field”, i.e. they do not have an ethnic origin. The names originate from the proto-initial form “Alobank‘” which emerges from the instumental case of the word “ał” (salt), which in ancient times was pronounced as “alob,” then it was changed into “alov”, and later into “alu” and “ału”.
The Armenians called “Alobank,” “Alovank,” and “Ałuank” the fruitful field on the right shore of the Kura River, and later the state, finding on the left shore of the Kura River, was called by the same name, as “a country of a fruitful field,”and the people were called the “Albanians” or “Ałuans,” as “people of a fruitful field”, as it was the continuation of the Armenian fruitful field. The people living on the left shore of the Kura River never called themselves that way, the testification of which is the fact that after the decline of the Albanian Kingdom, no tribe preserved this name.
Most likely, this state was initially called after the name of the Mazkuts or Massagets, and afterwards after the names of the Gargarians and again Mazkuts who successively invaded from the Nothern Caucasus in the Transcaucasus. It is not by chance that Faustus Byzand identifies the Kingdom of Mazkuts with the Kingdom of Ałuank‘ or Albania.
It is being shown that in the recordings of the Greek geographer Strabo, among the union of the 26 Albanian tribes there were neither the Gargarians, nor the Udins nor a number of other tribes which, notwithstanding the viewpoints of investigators, during the times of Strabo were in the Northern Caucasus.
It is also shown that the Caspians entered into the union of the Albanian tribes, but are not identified with the Albanians.
In connection with the Caspians it is revealed that the XI and XV satrapies of Achaemenid Persia were not in the region of the Transcaucasus, and the XVIII was in the region of Eastern Georgia and in the so-called Albania region, consequently the Matieni, Saspiri and Alarodii do not belong to the tribes of the Armenian Highland.
Summary
Sergey A. Aghajanyan
In the article the author discusses the relation between event, speech, history. History is presented as an expression of a history of human interpretation that can be completely different from objective reality. The interrelation between times is very important in history (time of the event and time of the teller). Not only is the past is interpreted in the small period of the present (history is born), but the future is also planned. With the past told and retold, a national system of values and archetypes are formed. Based upon this, the nation forms its future. In the end, examples on value expressions of thinking and behaviour are brought forth, which now are alienated among the Armenians