In historical science, both the concept of historical fact and the role of the historian are theoretically crucial elements without which a well-founded, true history cannot exist. Without historical facts, there is essentially no history. A historical fact gains its significance when it demonstrates causal connections with other facts across time and space. Through systematic and logical presentation of these connections, it becomes possible to illuminate particular historical events or episodes, and more broadly, to construct a substantiated, content-rich, and scientifically sound historical narrative.
History as a science primarily studies the past of people and societies. Therefore, interpreting and presenting historical experiences and lessons holds practical significance for present and future generations. A historical fact represents an undeniable truth from the past that must not be subject to distortion or falsification. True history is built upon such historical facts.
History, as factual memory of the past, is preserved in diverse historical sources: written, oral (including narratives), material artifacts, and other documents. These sources can be classified as direct or indirect, primary or secondary in importance. Direct sources provide immediate coverage of events or phenomena in their temporal and spatial context, while indirect sources, though not directly connected to the events, can contribute valuable context and supporting information. Original sources generally offer the highest reliability and credibility.
Throughout history, various factors subjective, ideological, political, and class-based have led to distortions and falsifications of historical facts. Historical literature reveals that such falsifications have occurred across all countries and periods. Notably, the Soviet Union and its historiography in the 20th century exemplified systematic historical distortion in service of building a “communist society.” Our theoretical analysis draws primarily from episodes in Armenian history to illustrate these points.
A historian must possess various qualities and characteristics personal, professional, civic, and academic including proper education, professional expertise, a developed worldview, and understanding of environmental and social
conditions. Without professional historians, true history cannot be documented. The historian must: rely exclusively on historical facts, maintain high scientific standards, demonstrate moral consciousness and impartiality, master historical theory and methodology, select appropriate research topics, thoroughly collect, study, and evaluate sources.
Based on these principles, historians must present authentic history through meaningful analysis, providing scientifically grounded and comprehensive conclusions. Their work should offer educational value and guidance for present and future generations. Finally, while maintaining commitment to historical accuracy, historians must balance professional objectivity with appropriate recognition of national identity, when relevant.