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HISTORIOGRAPHY VERSUS MEMORY – 2024-3

The relevance of reinterpreting the “Old days”

Sergey A. Aghajanyan
Doctor of Philological Sciences

Summary

 

Keywords – being, history, repetition of history, inevitability of reinterpretation, qualities of identity, history of identity, the Great Patriotic War, historiography of Soviet Armenians, barrack socialism, tragedy, symbolic scenes.

The already densely populated world is a multicolored and diverse complex of human cultural activities, which is shaped by the well-established identity of each nation that still exists. Apart from the qualities of their identity, neither these cultures nor the peoples who embody them can guarantee of existence and prospects for life. As the most important factors in the historical process, these qualities shape relevant behavior towards existing challenges, making their bearers viable or doomed. This is why the historical process, shaped by peoples and their value system, becomes either a controlled stream or a stream that irreversibly destroys everything.

The historical process is not as easy to analyze as material for a sober analysis. No coexistence can be guaranteed survival and development without a retrospective review and rethinking of the path traveled. At the same time, it is extremely important that this necessary scientific activity be conducted, especially in the search for the cause of failures, first of all, internally, in the qualities of one’s own identity and the national behavior that they engender.

The process of retrospective reassessment and rethinking, especially in modern times, can only be effective if it becomes a mandatory methodological practice for sociological thought. After all, for active culture-forming communities, the days have long passed when the people’s spontaneous worldview shaped the value system and behavioral norms of society.

Retrospective assessment, or rather, reassessment-reinterpretation, is one of the priorities of updating our historical consciousness. This is also imposed upon us by the 30-year stage of our modern history, which began with a heroic impulse rooted in national interests, which, unfortunately, ends with irreversible human, material, moral and psychological losses.

THE INFLUENCE OF IBN TAYMIYYAH’S IDEAS ON THE FORMATION OF WAHHABI IDEOLOGY – 2024-3

A comparison of some theological aspects

Seda T. Tigranyan

In the Middle Ages, religion was the dominant form of social consciousness and ideological system. Historically significant social and political movements were usually accompanied by new ideological and religious manifestations – sometimes bringing forth conservative ideas to purify religion from innovations, yet sometimes attempting to adapt religious provisions to the requirements of the time. This is also true for Islam and the history of Islamic countries. For example, at various times religious and political movements, currents and radical groups called for the purification of Islam driven by political and social reasons. Some of them had widely used and currently apply the ideas of Sunni Islamic scholar, theologian Ibn Taymiyyah (1263-1328). The wide application of Ibn Taymiyyah’s ideas and the various references to his works lead to disagreements and conflicting interpretations of his ideas. Opinions about his personality also vary – from a pious Muslim, an eminent scientist to a madman. Even so his views, ideas, in general, had a huge impact not only on the consciousness of his contemporaries, but also on the next generations.

HAKOB GURDJIAN: FROM SHUSHI TO PARIS – 2024-3

Aida G․ Harutyunyan

In the background of Shushi’s panorama of theatrical, musical, and ethnographic presence and thought, Armenian sculptor Hakob Gurdjian is formed as an individual who is gradually approaching the word sculptor. Being one of the cultural centers of Artsakh and the region and constantly distinguished by its cultural emphasis, Shushi was an important and influential starting point for Gurdjian.

MANIPULATIVE LANGUAGE TRICKS In the political discourse of Azerbaijan’s President Ilham Aliyev – 2024-2

Seda K. Gasparyan (Doctor of Sciences in Philology)
Nare A. Shalunts, PhD

Language is known to be a unique means of enabling humans to transmit thoughts. No doubt, it can be a source of inspiration and motivation, sharing knowledge, but on the other hand, it can also be a way of spreading injustice and falsification. Communication, being the fundamental function of language, presupposes interaction between the addresser and the addressee based on processes of encoding and decoding thoughts.Political interviews as a specific variety of political discourse display the implementation of linguistic manipulation, and this is well evidenced by the interviews of the Azerbaijani President given to the international media, namely the BBC, France 24, CNN, Al Jazeera, and ARD TV Channel. Obvious is the fact that in all these interviews, the Azerbaijani President intentionally uses a wide range of manipulative tactics by distorting facts.

ON THE TRACES OF LEPSIUS’S PRO-ARMENIAN INITIATIVE – 2024-1

The secret reference book by Liparit Nazaryants and Khachatur Malumyan to the German Embassy in Constantinople

Summary

Ashot N. Hayruni
Doctor of Sciences in History

Lusine S. Sahakyan
Ph.D. in History

After the outbreak of the First World War, when the Ottoman State, allied with Germany, entered the war, the German-Armenian Society was very concerned about it, because the Turks, under cover of the war, could carry out new massacres of Armenians. Both for this reason and in order to ensure a friendly attitude towards the Armenians in the German Foreign Ministry, it was necessary for the organization to constantly possess the latest information about the events taking place in the Ottoman State. Johannes Lepsius, the president of the Society, under the pretext that the organization wishes to send its representative to Turkey in order to convince the Western Armenians that they must take the side of Turkey during the war, managed to get the support of the German government in this matter. Towards the end of 1914, Liparit Nazaryants, a board member of the Society, departed for Constantinople using a passport issued by the German Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with all associated expenses covered by the Ministry.

But Nazaryants’s real mission was something else. He established contact with the Central Committee of the ARF of Sofia, together with the Armenian intellectuals of Constantinople and other figures in the city, he sent information to Lepsius about the new systematic persecutions against Armenians, on the one hand, and, also informed Constantinople’s German Embassy, trying to induce them to intervene and stop the persecutions on the other hand. Nazaryants was also instructed by the German-Armenian Society to go to the Caucasus to inform the Eastern Armenians about the plight of the Western Armenians. The Russian consul in Sofia, considering him a German spy, did not permit him to go to the Caucasus.

On the other hand, the German Embassy in Constantinople, after some time considered Nazaryants a Russian spy, so they took his documents from him, after which, being deprived of freedom of movement, Nazaryants had to stay in Sofia for a long time. Before that, however, he had already communicated a large amount of information to Lepsius and the German-Armenian Society, which was of great importance for the development and success of Society’s further pro-Armenian activities. One of Nazaryants’s valuable reports addressed to the German Embassy in Constantinople is published with this article for the first time. The report is in German and an Armenian translation is provided.

REFERENCES

1․ Aydın M., “Savaşın Bitirdiği Doğu Açılımı Tahsin (Uzer) Bey’in Van Valiliği (1913-1914)”, Deutsch-türkische Begegnungen, Alman Türk Tesadüfleri, Berlin, 2013, s. 538 – 570 (In Turkish).
2․ Aufruf zur Begründung der “Deutsch-Armenischen Gesellschaft”, Der Christliche Orient, 1914, S. 102.
3․ Die Armenische Frage und der Genozid an den Armeniern. Dokumente aus dem politischen Archiv des deutschen Auswärtigen Amts, zusammengestellt und eingeleitet von Prof. Dr. Wardges Mikaelyan, Jerewan 2004, S. 123, 131, 133.
4. Yerusaġhemi hayots’ patriark’aran, Haykakan harts’i yev hayots’ ts’eġaspanut’yan arkhiv, Towp’ 1, T’ġht’apanak M 201, vaveragir Hmr ġ 389-ġ 399։ Žhamanak՝ [1914-1915] (In Armenian).
5. Feigel, Uwe, Das evangelische Deutschland und Armenien, Göttingen 1989, S. 210.
6. T’ēodik, Goggot’a Hay hogevorakanut’ean yev ir Hòtin aġhētali 1915 tariin, Niw Eork’, 1985 (In Armenian).
7. Lepsius, Johannes, Bericht über die Lage des Armenischen Volkes in der Türkei, Potsdam 1916.
8. Lēṙnean, Ṙ., Mets aġhēti nakhòrēin, «Hayrenik’», E tari, Boston, 1927, t’iv 4(52), ēǰ 33-37, 95 (In Armenian).
9. Leṙnean, Ṙ., Mets aġhēti nakhòrēin, «Hayrenik’», E tari, Boston, 1927, t’iv 5(53) (In Armenian).
10. Lēṙnēan, Ṙ., Mets aġhēti nakhòrēin, «Hayrenik’», E tari, Boston, 1927, t’iv 7(55), (In Armenian).
11. Lēṙnēan, Ṙ., Mets aġhēti òrerun, «Hayrenik’», Z tari, Boston, 1927, t’iv 2(62)(In Armenian).
12. Hayastani yev harakits’ šhrǰanneri teġhanunneri baṙaran, Yerevan, 1986 (In Armenian).
13. Haykakan harts’, hanragitaran, Yerevan, «Hakob Meġhapart», 1996 (In Armenian).
14. Hayruni Ašhot, Yohannes Lep’siusi aṙak’elut’yunë, Yerevan, 2002 (In Armenian).
15. Hayruni Ašhot, Im Einsatz für das bedrohte Volk der Armenier. Johannes Lepsius und seine Mission, Paderborn 2020, S.131․
16. Hayruni Ašhot, Johannes Lepsius´ armenische Verbindungen, in: „Johannes Lepsius – Eine deutsche Ausnahme; der Völkermord an den Armeniern, Humanitarismus und Menschenrechte“, Herausgegeben von Rolf Hosfeld, Wallstein Verlag, Göttingen 2013, S. 218-219.
17. Mets yeġheṙni aṙaǰin vaveragroġhë․ Šhawaršh Misak’ean, khmb․ Yervand P’ampowk’ean, Khačhik Papikean hratarakčakan himnadram, t’iv 9, Ant’ilias, 2017(In Armenian).
19. Mitteilungsblatt der Deutsch-Armenischen Gesellschaft, Dezember, 1939, S. 4.
18. Sahakyan, Lusine,Yerusaġhemi Hayots’ patriark’aranum pahvokh «Teġhekatu divani»` Haykakan harts’i yev Hayots’ ts’eġhaspanut’yan arkhivi patmut’yunë yev «Bovandakut’yunë», «Hayagitut’yan harts’er», 1 (25), Yerevan, 2022 (In Armenian).
19. Sahin, Mustafa, Hasan Tahsin Uzer’in Hayati, Idari ve Siyasi Faaliyetleri, Atatürk Arastirma Merkezi, Ankara, 2015, s, 3-10 (In Turkish).

SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO THE FIELD OF GENOCIDE STUDIES – 2024-1

Tessa Hofmann, Der Genozid an den indigenen Christen des Osmanischen Reiches: Armenier, Griechen, Syro-Aramäer/Assyrer/Chaldäer։ eine ausführliche Dokumentation mit drei Modulen von je neun Unterrichtseinheiten

Summary

Gerayer A. Koutcharian (Berlin, Germany)
Doctor of Natural Sciences

In Germany and beyond, the philologist and genocide scholar Tessa Hofmann is considered an expert on the genocide of the Ottoman Christians, which was also the first large-scale genocide of the 20 century. In my review of Tessa Hofmann’s most recent work “The Genocide of the Indigenous Christians of the Ottoman Empire” (2024), I emphasize that the book serves a dual purpose: it serves as a very comprehensive introductory reading on the course and methods of the Ottoman – Young Turk and Kemalist – genocide of over three million indigenous Christians (Armenians, Greek Orthodox Christians, Syro-Aramaeans, Assyrians and Chaldeans) in the Ottoman Empire and in northwest Iran, which was temporarily occupied by the Ottomans in 1914 and 1918. In the second part of her book, she presents three modules, each with nine teaching and learning units for school lessons on genocide.

Until now, there have been no such handouts in Germany, where the largest diaspora of Turks is located (with the exception of the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony-Anhalt, where they are now out of print). A special feature of the book is also its inclusive approach, which includes all Christian victims and illustrates the interactions between the acts against Greek Orthodox, Armenian and Syro-Aramaic Christians. An extensive bibliography as well as contributions by Roy Knocke (Director of the Lepsius House in Potsdam) on Johannes Lepsius and two associations of members of Turkish descent on coming to terms with the past and the culture of remembrance round off this extremely remarkable book, which will hopefully find its way into German schools.

REFERENCES

Hofman T’., Qristoneay bnik joghovurdneri tseghaspanut’yune’ Osmanean kaysrut’ean mej: Hayer, yoyner, siriats’i-arameats’iner /asoriner/, qaghdeats’iner. Manramasn vaveragrut’yun- baghkatsatc 3 masits ev usutsman 9 miavorits’. Vaylersvist’-Meternikh, “Haze ev K’eohler” hrat., 2024 (in Armenian).

THE MEMOIRS OF A NATION-STATE FIGURE

“Memories of the past” / Z. Yeolian; Compilers: A. Azizyan, A. Simonyan; Yerevan, “Lusakn”, 2023, 612 pages.

Summary

Mher A. Harutyunyan
Ph.D. in History

The articles of Zakar Yolyan, one of the foremost figures of the Armenian National Liberation Struggle and ARF leader of the first quarter of the 20 century, mostly published in the press, formed the bases of a large book of memoirs of this socio-political and state figure, initiated by Aghasi Azizyan and Ashot Simonyan.

The relevance of the memoirs, summarized in a separate collection by Z. Yeolian, is due to the author’s desire to rethink the past, to draw lessons from history and to outline the sequence of correct steps respectively. As an active participant or witness of important political events of the time, Z. Yeolian provided reliable and as impartial as possible testimonies and memoirs. His knowledge came not only from his close ties with ARF leaders in Baku and Zangezur, but also from his frequent contacts with leaders of the Bolsheviks and other socio-political currents. Thanks to this and especially to the fruitful activity in Zangezur, which, in fact, is reflected in the work of Z. Yeolian in his voluminous memoirs, many events and names of heroes were saved from inevitable oblivion and have now become an inexhaustible source of inspiration and imitation for the present and future generations.

Z. Yeolian’s vivid and lively memoirs preserve the former industrial centre of the Caucasus – Baku, in the social, political and cultural life of which the role of the numerous Armenian populations was significant. The author’s unique testimonies are not only about the ARF, but also about other Armenian parties and foreign political movements, organizations and figures, as well as their connections, and represent important material for our historiography.

Remarkable archival materials extracted from the National Archives of Armenia and other sources, as well as valuable information about his personal life and family members significantly enriched the content of the book.

Thus, summing up, it can be stated that the reader is presented with a valuable book, which has scientific, historiographical and primary source value and is intended to contribute to the full study and rethinking of the history of the Armenian nation in the first quarter of the XX century.

REFERENCES

1. Azizean A., Arkhivayin vaveragrer Jemal P’ashayi spanut’ean masin, “Vem”, T’ (ZHE) tari, t’iv 3 (59), 2017 (In Armenian).
2. «Ants’eali yusher»/Z. Yeolean; Kazmoghner, A. Azizean, A. Simonean; Ar’ajabani heghinak, A.Simonean, grakhos, A. Yakobean, Yer., “Lusakn”, 2023 (In Armenian).
3. Arts’akhi yev Zangezuri hay azgabnakut’yan zinvats ink’napashtpanut’yan patmut’yunits’ (1918- 1920 t’t’.). Vaveragrer yev hushagrut’yunner / Kazm., M. A. Harut’yunyan, “Kachar” taregirk’, Girk’ 15(179-190), Shushi, «Kachar» gitakan kentroni hrat., 2021 (In Armenian).
4. Gyulkhandanean A., Yeghap’okhakan demk’er, “Hay’renik’” amsagir, Boston, 1936, N 6 (In Armenian).
5. Zohrabyan Ed., Yolyanner. Vaveragrakan vipak: Khmb., A.M. Aristakesyan, Yer., «Sovetakan grogh», 1988 (In Armenian).
6. HAA, F.47, ts’.2, g.365, t’.267 (In Armenian).
7 .HAA f.105, ts’.1, g.2805, t’.97 (In Armenian).
8. HAA, F.198,ts’.1, g.39,t’.30 (In Armenian).
9. HAA, f. 252, ts’. 2, g. 34 (In Armenian).
10. Hakhverdyan S., Gorisi amp’op’ patmut’yun, Yer, “Zangak-97”, 2005. (In Armenian)
11. Hushamatyan ankakhut’yan. Hayastani hanrapetut’yan 1918-1921 t’t’. petakan gortich’nerĕ, kazmets’ Mayk’l Babayanĕ, Yer., 2019 (In Armenian).
12.”Vani razmakan gortsoghut’yunnerĕ (1915 t’. april-mayis)” t’argm., A. Ashkhatuni, “Alik” orat’ert’ (T’ehran) 2 Yunis 1954 t’., N 120. (https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20TERT/Aliq%20Tehran/1954/1954%28120%29.pdf) (mutk’, 26.12.2023), 3 Yunis 1954 t’., N 121, ej 2 (https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20TERT/Aliq%20Tehran/1954/1954%28121%29.pdf) (mutk’, 26.12.2023), 6 Yunis 1954 t’., N 122, ej 1-2 (https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20TERT/Aliq%20Tehran/1954/1954%28122%29.pdf) (mutk’, 26.12.2023):
13. Vardanyan S., Tohmanunner: Gorisi taratsashrjan: Khmb., V.V. Zadayan, Yer., “Arants’ hrat.”, 2015 (In Armenian).
14. P’ampuk’ean Ye., H Y Dashnakts’ut’ean tcatskanunnerĕ bararan. andznanunner, teghanunner, t’uanshanayin tsatskagrer, Yer., “Lusakn”, 2023 (In Armenian).
15. Staryy i novyy Goris/Staryy i novyy Goris/ Sen Oganisyan; [per. na russkom T. Barsegyan; Per. po-angliyski S. Avetisyan; gl. red. S. Oganesyan; Foto: P. Pogosyan i dr.], Yer., “Naapet”, 2018 (In Russian).

KOREAN TWO EDUCATION SYSTEMS On the path to forming national identity – 2024-1

Summary

Anna J. Tomeyan

Despite sharing a cultural heritage and history, political and ideological differences between the two parts of the same nation on the Korean Peninsula have led to the creation of unique identities.

The article emphasizes the important role of education in creation of a single identity and the reunification of Korea. Because we can consider understanding the characteristics of national identity and the role of education as the key to the reunification of the Korean nation. Education servs as a primary means of transmitting cultural values and shaping national identity. In the Korean context, the education systems reflect the two states’ unique historical experiences, political ideologies, and cultural heritage.

South Korea’s education systems emphasize the development of national identity, equality, and responsibility. The South Korean education system began to develop from 1945 and faced challenges in the early stages but later developed it a modern education system with equal educational opportunities. Despite stress and competition, South Korean education aims to produce democratic, creative and integrated into the global community citizens.

North Korean identity is intertwined to state ideology, particularly the principles of Juche. Like all spheres of life, the education system is also strictly controlled by the state. North Korean education emphasizes self-reliance and loyalty to leaders. Political ideologies, the closed society play a central role in shaping collective identity. At the same time, it preserves cultural identity through strict controlled language and appearance.

The differences in educational goals and principles contribute to the divergence in beliefs and values between the two Koreas. South Korea’s emphasized democracy, innovation, and academic progress are in contrast with North Korea’s controlled education system, which is focused on loyalty to the state. These differences in education systems can have a significant impact on the Korean reunification on process, which will require overcoming political and ideological obstacles and creating a common identity.

REFERENCES

1. 2023nyeon juyoeommu chujingyehoek. Gyoyukgaehyeok, Daehanminguk jaedoyagui sijak; Gyoyukbu, 2023 (In Korean).
2. Chunhyangjeon (Gojeonsoseol), Seoul, Yupeipeo, 2015 (In Korean).
3. Dangun, Uri minjogui sijo, http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/kc/view.do?levelId=kc_n100800&code=kc_age_10 (In Korean).
4. Jeong Changu oe 12in, Godeunghakgyo, Inmunhakjeong gamseonggua do deokjeong sangsangnyeok, Seoul, (ju)Miraeen, 2019, https://ebook.mirae-n.com/@kb2115/cover (In Korean).
5. Jeong Changu oe 12in, Junghakgyo, Dodeong 2, Seoul, (ju)Miraeen, 2020, https://ebook.mirae-n.com/@kb2062/cover (In Korean).
6. Juchesasanggua bukangyeongje, https://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=gounikorea&logNo=220934245575 (In Korean).
7. Kim G. N., Respublika Korea, Almaty’, Dajk-Prjess, 2010 (In Russian).
8. Pak X. S., Tolstokulakov I. A., Transformatsya sistemě obrazovanya Rjespubliki Korjeja i KNDR v posljevojennyj period, Rossija i ATR, 2005, №4, str. 73-77 (In Russian).
9. Son Yeongchan oe 4in, Goedeunghakgyo, Sahoe Munhwa, Seoul, (ju)Miraeen, 2020, https://ebook.mirae-n.com/@kb2102/cover (In Korean).
10. Tolstokulakov I. A., Ocherk istorii koreyskoy kul’turě, Vladivastok, Izdatel’stvo Dal’nevostochnego universiteta, 2002 (In Russian).
11. Yun Jongjin, Gim Jeongil deungjang ihuui ‘jengchisa sanggyoyang’ jeongchaegui byeonhua bunseok; ‘Tongiljeongchaegyeongu 13guon 2ho, 2004, 191~212 jjok (In Korean).

THE PROBLEM OF THE RELATIONSHIP AUTHOR – WORK – READER In the context of the theory of intertextuality – 2024-1

Summary

Hripsime A. Zakaryan
Candidate of Sciences in Philology

Intertextuality, which implies a text within a text, a means of expressing the author’s individual style, is also perceived as a form of author-reader communication, divided into authorial intertextuality and readerly intertextuality, of which the reading medium implies in its own textual space, openly or in an encrypted way, inspirations of other author’s texts, its separate sections, ideas with a conscious or unconscious impulse. The level of textual communication is considered as an “internal dialogue” between the author and the reader within the scope of the work. When addressing the issue of intertextuality, it is also necessary to emphasize the factor of the reader, which plays a key role in the process of highlighting the author’s individual style. The work of fiction, being a reflection of the cognitive and emotional world of the author, is appropriated in the consciousness of the reader by certain means: linguistic, extra- linguistic, cultural, etc. In the creative process, the writer in one way or another takes into account the peculiarities of the specific era, tries to look at the phenomena from the point of view of the typical generalizations of the time. The artistic text is a system woven with meaningful codes that materialize the author’s ideological and aesthetic, worldview foundations, which actively influence the formation of the ideological and aesthetic co-structure of the artistic text, becoming orienting ways of realizing the literary problem. In the process of perceiving a literary text, the reader’s perceptions, approaches and psychology are affected by many factors: historical, political, psychological, etc., which create different, often conflicting and contradictory points of view among different readers. A fictional text, having its own inner objective life, is nevertheless subject to the reader’s rational or irrational discretion. The effective reading of the text depends on the combination of the reader’s knowledge and the author’s intentions, the realities proposed by him.

In the context of the theory of intertextuality, R. The ideological uniqueness of Barthes’ concept of “death of the author”, the features of formation and manifestation, the problem of the relationship between the theory of “intertextuality” and the theory of “death of the author”. Various literary approaches to the phenomenon of authorial and reading intertextuality are considered. Various examples of intertextual connections, existing views on the mechanisms of text interaction are given.

In the article, an attempt was also made to analyze the modern artistic experience with the logic of the aesthetic transitions brought by postmodernism in artistic thinking.

The article aims to consider intertextuality as a means of forming the author- work-reader connection.

The methodological basis of this article is M. Bakhtini, Yu. Kristeva, U. Eko, I. V. Arnoldi, M. The studies dedicated to the problem of the intertextuality theory, the author-reader relationship by Riffater and others. In the article, the methods of classification and coordination, observation were used.

REFERENCES

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