Category Archives: CORNERSTONES

Summary

E. Harutyunyan

Key words – contestation, architectonics, expression of will, engineering, life, past, present, future, art of living, identity.

Life is much more significant than moving from one insufficiency to another. Life is an unfinished event and the human is an eternal Faust. The world must be constantly contested so that the life is not deprived of prospect. Contesting is a bid for architectonics of the world. The human has metaphysical surplus of energy and aesthetical creation of the world is his incurable “disease”. The human being cannot live chained to herself. The past pulls, and the future calls. The present does not have history while the life is a story. Each person tries to govern their limited life and to convert it into a story. The past and future story of human life is a text of “how to live” on which we endlessly work and readjust according to our conceptions The article discusses the issues of social-cultural modernization of the Armenian nation living in existential environment and development of “life project” equivalent to contemporary geopolitical conditions. Because of almost perpetual unbeneficial external and internal circumstances the Armenian nation has been forced to choose the “Esthetical” solutions of its existence and has followed to principles of nationalistic ethics when organizing and regulating its life. These principles form a “World of friends” in space and “world of generations” in time. These worlds which organized the national life is a “world of community”, which is outstanding by its cultural power but not by its civilizational will, however to address the challenges of contemporary world a nation needs civilizational organization and a will to choose.

Summary

Elena O. Etaryan

Key words – self-referential literature, self-reflection, metafiction, meta-language, meta-narration, meta-description, creating illusions and disillusioning methods of metaization.

The subject of the study of this article is the phenomenon of metaization in literature, which became widespread in the 1960s of the 20th century and most often is used to describe techniques in postmodern literature and experimental literature. It should be noted that the study of this phenomenon also involved Russian formalists and structuralists, up to deconstructivists. Our research highlights the problems associated with the term “metaization”, namely, the diversity in its use, including the problems associated with defining and delineating its techniques (such as narrator’s comments, intertextual links, mise en abyme (story in story), refraction in the narrative, irony plays, textual contradictions, metalepses, paratexts, etc.). The studying of the functions of metaization takes the central place in our article. The conclusion of the article indicates the prospects of researching the subject of our article.

Summary

Davit R. Mosinyan

Key words – history, past, present, philosophy of history, discipline, possibility, historical process, development.

The problem of possibility of philosophy of history is ultimately related to those conditions in which the philosophy of history is thought to be a scientific discipline. This issue logically precedes the philosophy of history as a historical fact. So the main question here is what is the subject of philosophy of history: on the one hand, it studies history, but on the other hand, history seems to be possible through the philosophy of history. The main thesis of this article is that history did not always exist, at least, history in the modern sense. So, the philosophy of history is not a reference to what has already happened or history itself, but rather is a reflection to itself, which in turn means that the philosophy of history exists independently of history and is most connected with the worldview..

Summary

Siranush G. Hovhannisyan

Keywords – art, literature, religion, society, Human quality, Lord, Slave, spiritually-intellectual world, antimorality, amorality.

The article focuses on the type of human society and the quality of relations between members of that society, as well as morals and morality, as concepts that organize inter-human relations and culture. There are three types of morality – morality, antimorality and amorality. These three concepts are presented as prerequisites for the development of culture and the main indices of the way of becoming out of man by Man. As well as the article considers literature as a form of culture and language, as a means of forming a culture. The fact is underlined that the human creature is always in the positives of morality consciously or in the subconscious level of thinking.

Summary

Davit R. Mosinyan

Key words – history, past, presence, memory, narrative, experience, language, text, historical knowledge, philosophy of history, phenomenology

What makes it possible to talk about history and understanding relating to the history of consciousness? The fact is that history is not a simple given, that is, it seems that it makes no sense or it is impossible to fix the history here and now, due to which it is difficult to separate history from non-history. If we approach the problem from a different point of view, it becomes clear that we are not talking about what is history in itself, or as a form of historical knowledge about historical reality, but rather about how the history is presented for consciousness, i.e. whether there is an experience of history or history is represented exclusively through linguistic texts. Therefore, the question is not ontological or epistemological, but rather phenomenologic.

Summary

Sergey N. Sarinyan

Key words – method, exegetics, structuralism, mythology, poetics, philosophy, linguistics.

Methods of the formation of literature are double.
1. Creative method, which characterizes literary movements and trends, such as classicism, romanticism, realism, symbolism and naturalism.
2. Scientific method, which covers political, theoretical and historical issues in the literature.

This article is devoted to the systematization of literary methods from exegesis to semiotics. Methods are described following their origin, epistemological value and practical significance.

From the Peace of Westphalia to Nagorno-Karabakh Problem

Summary

Tigran R. Yepremyan

Key words – Self-determination of nations, territorial integrity, sovereignty, Hugo Grotius, Peace of Westphalia, Peace of Utrecht, French Revolution, League of Nations, United Nations, Helsinki Final Act, Europe, Artsakh.

The paper aims to present the historical trace and the development of the idea of national sovereignty and the right of nations to self-determination from the Peace of Westphalia (1648) to Helsinki Final Act (1975). It tends to evaluate Grotius’ place in the context of the European enlightenment and the history of the formulation of the right of nations to self-determination. According to these approaches nations are constructed with common beliefs and organizational structures. Therefore, nations, i.e. the organized political communities, have the right to political self-determination. The Peace of Westphalia symbolized the transformation of the European-world order based on the hierarchical structures of medieval Christendom to the horizontal system of sovereign territorial states. The rising sense of national individualism was promoted by the Renaissance and Reformation. Meanwhile, the start of the secularization and its adjacent idea of self-determination entailed the principle of peaceful coexistence among legally equal members of international society, which found its fundamental expression in the Helsinki Final Act. Thus, socio-philosophical as well as geo-strategic incentives of the European nation building process are taken into consideration. In the time of the French Revolution new patterns of loyalty and national cohesion were created and new paradigms of identity formation emerged.

The paper offers a new interpretation of the historical trace and the logic of development of the idea of political self-determination and a comparative analysis of its enforcement history. Then, in the aforementioned context, it analyzes the case of self-determination of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (Republic of Artsakh), a successful European de facto state in the Eastern-most Europe. Therefore, one of the highly articulated features in the discourse of the Armenian leadership about Nagorno-Karabakh’s belonging to the European family and to the European international community is the notion that “Europe starts in Nagorno Karabakh.”

The process of the classification of art

Summary

Slavi-Avik M. Harutyunyan

Key words – M. Kagan, E. Kant, A. Baumgarten, Art -1, Art-2, Dichotomy of art, Cultural genesis, Ancient culture, Morphology of art, New era, Fine arts, Muse, mysticism.

The following article discusses various ways of the interpretation and classification of the concept of ‘art’ in the process of Cultural Genesis, from ancient times to the 18th century of the Kant system. Talking about the culture of Antiquity, the role of art in public life is mentioned, not only as an aesthetic phenomenon, but aslo its different functions are taken into account: educational, ideological, etc.. The interpretation of ancient authors about the role of music and poetry in the upbringing of a person is examined. The role of art in the formation of an ideal State in Plato’s philosophical views is emphasized. Certainlly, in antiquity art was not perceived as a mere phenomenon of culture, but inner division of different types of arts accured. Having analized E. Kant’s ideas (in the work “Critique of judgment”), eight different meanings, in which E. Kant uses the term “art”, the interrelationship between them (via constraint concept), as well as the basis of the morphology of Kant’s art are underlined. In the process of the present research scientific methods, adequate set of research tasks were used, in connection with its object and purpose: comparative analysis, synchronous and diachronous analysis, historical reconstruction method, method of systematic and structural analysis, etc. A special role played in the work the semiotic method.

Summary

Liana S. Sargsyan

Key words – manners, speech, surroundings, situation, speech forms, communication, language means, addressing forms, intonation, extralinguistic factor.

In this article characteristic features of the etiquette are discussed. The extralinguistic factors of the speech are presented briefly. This factors are surroundings, social role, behavior a specific area, traditions, facial expression, movement, etc. The main focus is on the nutreal situations of communication. In some cases conditions connected to the speech process such as those that can have a direct influence on that process also taken into consideration. Then specific situations are given separately (acquaintances, phone call conversations, greetings, farewell) and the corresponding speech forms.

In the context of linguistic turn

Summary

Davit R. Mosinyan

Key Words – history, historiography, world history, linguistic turn, narrative, analytical philosophy of history, White, metahistory, trop

The twentieth century philosophy is considerable, among other things, with the linguistic turn, which was intended to resolve the current confusion in philosophy. Linguistic turn declares that the only subject matter of philosophy is a language. That is the essence of the linguistic turn. Subsequently, it also took place in the theory and philosophy of history, because the history is presented as a linguistic text, which has its own logic. Therefore, the written history is not the description of the past, as it were, but is a text on a past built within language and its logic. Hayden White’s “Metahistory: historical imagination of the 19th century in Europe” is a work which marked a new stage in the theory and philosophy history, as it presents the history of historiography for the first time.