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KURDISH CASE IN PERSIA – 2018-2

Summary

Rouben-Prepared by Aram S. Saiyan

The rebellion of Ararat in 1926-1930 isn’t sufficiently studied both in world, Soviet and especially Armenian historical science. One of the main reasons for this is the lack of sources, as well as, the lack of Armenian translation of studies done in foreign languages, especially in Turkish and Kurdish languages.

All this is supplemented by a spacious letter from the prominent figure of the Armenian liberation war, Minister of Defense and Military Forces of the First Republic Rouben (Minas Ter-Minasian).The note entitled “Kurdish Case in Persia” is preserved in the 64th file’s first list of 1048 fund in Armenian National Archive: it’s a detailed report consisting of 34 pages written in the exercise-book and is addressed to ARF’s Bureau. In it Rouben speaks about his special mission carried out in Persia for supporting Ararat’s rebellion. In report the events that took place in spring of 1930, i.e. the process of organizing the Kurdish tribes against the Turks, the military proceedings, as well as, the rebellion’s defeat and the clashes taking place afterwards in some provinces of West Armenia are described in detail.

1348 ARMENIAN REGISTRATION OF THE TOWER OF THE HAMBUSHE VILLAGE (SYRIA) – 2018-2

Summary

Hagop M. Tcholakian

Key words – Hambushie village; Aramo villege, Lattakia’s region; villages with Armenian population; Catholicos Mkhitar Garnertsi; tower; lithography, lithographic fragment; bridge, fountain, stone-cutter rooms.

The article presents the content of Armenian migration in the Middle Ages in northern-western regions of Syria and speaks about the lithographic record drawn up at upper stone door of the tower of Hambushie by the Catholicos of Mkhitar Garnertsi, which complete copy has come to us by Zakaria vartabed of Zumurnia. Now, the village is completely cleared of the Armenians. The tower is completely destroyed and at the same in this area the mentioned lithographic fragment has been found on the wall of one of the houses built in the middle of the 20th century. Other Armenian relic of antiquity such as rocks, bridges, fountains is presented.

THE DEPORTATION OF GREEKS FROM ISTANBUL IN 1964 – 2018-2

Summary 

Ruben H. Melkonyan

Key words – Young Turks; Kemalists; non-Muslim minorities; Lausanne; Greek citizens living in Istanbul; discriminative policy; monoethnic Turkey; Ecumenical Patriarchate of Costantinople; Cyprus; deportation.

It՛s widely known that the history of Ottoman Empire is full of examples of state persecutions, discrimination, massacres and genocides against Christians. The aspirations to create monoethnic, that is Turko-Islamic state became more obvious during the government of the Young Turks. The same policy was adopted by the authorities of the Republic of Turkey established in 1923. This fact can be explained by following circumstances. First of all, Turkish state had already become instiutionally hostile against all non-Turkish nations. Besides, the majority of the founders of Turkey were former Young Turks, the bearers of nationalist ideology. However, there are specialists, including the Turks, who bring the period of governmenr of Young Turks even up to 1960 and ascribe some elements of young Turkizm to the Democratic Party which was in power in 1950-60s. Main periods of the policy of discrimination against non-Muslim minorities in the history of Turkish Republic were: 1. Exchange but in reality exile of Greeks in 1923 2. The “20 classes” draft in 1941 3. “Tax of Wealth” in 1942 4. Pogroms of 6-7 September 1955. However, the comparison of facts shows that the last and one of the most important links of this chain was the exile of the Greeks from Istanbul in 1964 which is not sufficiently examined yet. On March 16,1964 the government of Turkey officially stated that it unilaterally considered invalid the agreement signed between Turkey and Greece in 1930. This meant the emergence of legal basis for exile of the Greek citizens living in Turkey. At that time nearly 12.500 Greek citizens were living in Turkey. All of them were condemmed to exile. However deportation of these 12500 people meant inclusion of much more wide masses as they were connected by marital and family ties with the Greeks, citizens of Turkey. Exile of the Greeks in 1964 became the important stage of consecutive politics of ethnic purges in Turkey.

ON AN EMANCIPATORY VISION AND THE ARMENIAN EXPERIENCE OF ITS APPROPRIATIO – 2018-2

Naira Zh. Mkrtchyan
The ideas of emancipation (or liberation) and closely related emancipatory (or liberation) struggle are widely articulated in the discourses concerning social and national, as well as, local and global issues. What opportunities are opened for these ideasin some contexts, what opportunities do they make available in terms of formulation of problems and modulation of themesare questions which certainly need more detailed and empirical researches for each case separately. Here is the consideration of Armenian case, as the ideas of emancipation (or liberation) and related emancipatory (or liberation) struggle are among the most articulated ones in Armenian discursive reality at least of the last two centuries. Most probably it will shed light on how that reality has been constructed and actually operating.

LEXICAL UNITS OF THE ARMENIAN LANGUAGE MEANING ARMENIAN COMMUNITY – 2018-2

Summary

Davit S. Gyurjinyan

Key words – Armenian community, collective names, collective noun, real collective nouns, Armenians, Armenian people, Armenians of Diaspora.

The article studies the words (collective nouns) of the Armenian language, meaning Armenian community, aggregate of Armenians, their collectivity, as an inseparable unit. The lexical units with the component հայ “Armenian” are analyzed: հայք and հա յեար “Armenians”, հա յո րեար “Armenians, their leaders, Armenian nobility”, հա յաս տան (ազգ) “Armenian people”, հա յաս տա նեայք “residents of Armenia”, հա յութ յուն “Armenians, Armenian people”, հա յա գունդ “Armenian regiment”, հա յաբ նա կութ յուն “Armenian population”, etc. The time of formation of these collective names is revealed, special attention is paid to their first uses (since the 5th century). Special attention is paid to the formations with the last component հա յություն “Armenians” (ար ևե լա հա յութ յուն “Eastern Armenians, Armenians of Eastern Armenia”, արևմ տա հա յութ յուն “Western Armenians, Armenians of Western Armenia”, գա վա ռա հա յութ յուն “Armenians of provinces”, սփյուռ քա հա յութ յուն “foreign Armenians, Armenians from Diaspora”, ֆրան սա հա յութ յուն “Armenians, living in France”, etc.). Lexical units are analyzed from different sides (meaning, structure, variability, wordformative significance, frequency of use), their lexicographical processing is studied, the lexico-semantic links with other words of the Armenian language are indicated.

PHILOSOPHICAL SELF-DETERMINATION OF SUICIDE – 2018-2

Summary

Tatevik H. Merjanyan

Key words – suicide, psychoanalysis, introspection, psychology, lifestyle, will qualities, self-revelation, epistolary novelette, hagiography, intertextuality.

The aim of the given publication is to study and evaluate the epistolary novelette by Nar-Dos “An na Saroyan”. Here the most interesting thing is that in this considered work the author observes psychologically deep and divergent phenomenon. In the study the philosophical idea of suicide is crucial. It concludes that Nar-Dos has directly spoken about the turbulences taking place in person’s introspective world that have little or almost nothing to do with the outer circumstances.

THE THEME OF LOVE IN THE SCHOOL OF ASHUGH’S OF NOR JUGHA – 2018-2

Summary

Sose B. Poghosyan

Key words – The School of Ashugh’s (troubadours) of Nor Jugha; ashugh(troubadour); theimage pattern cliché; love songs; blazon songs; medieval poem; ode; medley poem.

The aim of this article is to study the forms of manifestation of the theme of love in the Iranian- Armenian school of ashughs (troubadours) of Nor Jugha. As troubadours’ literature assumes, the literary conception of love here is quite crucial. Ashughs’ characters and functions come to confirm the real perception of ‘Ashugh” term, which is amorous singer. The latter is determined as a multilateral artist, who is both the author and the performer of his songs. Woman is worshiped as the object of love. The act of loving was in itself ennobling and refining one, the means to the fullest expression of whichwere potentially fine and elevated in human nature. Woman gradually gets revived and by gaining voice and character, becomes the part in that love game.

A special notice has been paid to the “Ashugh” word etymology. Its manifestations and functional meaning in different in nations’ languages that had examined Ashughs’ heritage. The theoretical part is based on the carols of famous troubadours such as GhulEgazi, BagherOghli, Amir Oghli, GhulHovhannessi, QeshishOghli and HartunOghli. The author has observed the expression of the classic contributions and image patterns in the love poems of ashughs, has emphasized the presence of the original manifestations, through which the role of the first Armenian school of ashugh’s in Nor Jugha in the context of the literary- cultural life of the 17- 18th centuries has been valued.

URARTIAN CUNEIFORM SCHOOL – 2018-2

Summary

Yervand H. Grekyan

Key words – cuneiform, palaeography, Urartian monumental script, Urartian cursive, scribal school, Assyro-Mitannian, Middle Assyrian, Neo-Assyrian, periphery.

The discovery of the first known Urartian school text in Ayanc‘ (Ayanis), near Van city stimulates to discuss again not only the hypothesis of the existence of schools in Urartu, but also the problem of the origins of Urartian scribal and literary culture in general. The results of the present study allow to find out formulae, which are typical for the Middle Assyrian annalistic texts of the 2nd half of the II millennium BC, as well as a number of cuneiform sign forms, which, in contrary to the contemporary Neo-Assyrian texts, occur only in the Urartian cuneiform inscriptions of the IX-VII centuries BC. These facts allow to develop again the theory, according to which Urartian scribal school had roots in the cuneiform culture of the 2nd millennium BC, perhaps, through the intermediary of a ‘peripheral center’ in the southern parts of the Armenian Highland, which continued to keep the traditions of the Middle Assyrian scribal school, at least, at the beginning of the I millennium BC.

THE CULT OF THE LAKE SEVAN AND TOPONYMS SEQUEL OF IT – 2018-2

Summary

Sargis G. Petrosyan

Key words – mythology, cult, Sevan, frog, Mother goddess, Thunder god, “vishap” (“dragon”), trout, bull, toponym, ethnonym.

The cult of the Lake Sevan is closely in touch with the worship of Water because in mythological imagines of the Armenians’ ancestor sliving in the regions surrounding Sevan, this lake was perceived as a mythical a quatic creature having the form of a huge creature. At the same time the river Hrazdan, that starts from the Lake Sevan, is perceived as that mythical creature’s long tongue. Accordingly river’s popular name Zangumeans ‘’tongue’’: compared with arm. zangik’’epiglottis, clapper’’ (<I.-E. *dņģhū). In Sevan’s basin Urartian there are cuneiform records certifyingtoponymsof Indo-European etymology as Arquqiu(ni),Ištikuniu, Kamaniu, Adaḫu(ni), Liqiu, Lueru(ḫi), Gurqumeli, Tuliḫu. In the Lake Sevan’s basin there are ‘’vishap’’ obelisks some of which are fishlike and some are bull like. The first ones arerelated to the mythological ‘’Trout’’ worship and the second ones – to the worship of God of Thunder. Gelam, that was the eponym of the ancient Sevan basin’s tribes was also the personification of the mouth Gel (Գեղ. ‘’big, large’’<I.-E. *ṷel-). His mythological prototype was the local tribes’God of Thunder (compare with Urart. Teišeba).

HISTORISM AS A COMPONENT OF MODERNIZATION OF STATE SOVEREIGNTY – 2018-2

Summary

Mariam M. Margaryan

Key words – state, sovereignty, statehood, historism, constitution, constitutionalism, ruling elite, person, society.

The article researches the issue of multidimensionality of sovereignty in the process of formation of the new world order. The imperative of heredity of the state sovereignty is proved as a factor of nation-state power. In this context historism is researched as a component of evolutionary modernization of sovereignty. The author is convinced that historism, including historical memory, is also an active constructive process of analysis and choise of the past. Simultaneously historism is viewed as a process of recovery of information flows, in the framework of which political time provides maximal viability and competitiveness. The notion of “choise of the past” is suggested, which on rational level allows recalling from the historical memory the part, the further generation of which will provide both viability and competitiveness with simultaneous filtering of information noise. The author is convinced that in the conditions of the new world order the process of providing of complex security should be based on three-dimensional connection past-present-future of the three Armenian republics.