Category Archives: APPENDIX

Summary

Ala A. Kharatyan
The article is devoted to the image appreciation of well-known figure in western-Armenian literature AR Federations member Simon Zavaryan. The article is mainly about the literary interpretations of the western-Armenian writers who have managed to express their distress concerning the events taking place in the political life of that period, and it refers also the ideological questions, which could be realized in political life with the help of such persons. In this sense some parallels are drawn between the characters of Zavaryan’s literary works and him, as political figure.

Part II. Hovhannes Tumanyan and the ideological heritage of Simon Zavaryan

Summary

Susanna G. Hovhannisyan
In the early 20th century there was a strong need for people who would dedicate themselves to the Armenian culture, national liberation and struggle for life. And they didn’t keep waiting. Two of them were Tumanyan and Zavaryan, the greatest Armenians of that epoch, whose joint efforts for the prosperity of the national culture and ideological heritage were due to the similarity of their temper and moral values. The best documentation of their struggle and common attitude towards the issues of the Armenian studies is their correspondence, especially the letters of Zavaryan addressed to Tumanyan on May 27 and Septmber 22, 1913 (Charents Museum of Literature and Arts, N978), which have never been made public, as well as some other relating to the outstanding ARF figure (the letter of Arshak Papyan, Charents Museum of Literature and Arts, N966) which will also be presented to the society for the first time. They put a new slant on life and work of Zavaryan, and in particular on the history of his album’s creation entitled «Armenian and Armenia» or «Work of the Armenian», which is his research concerning the science of the country, some new details of Zavaryan’s scientific activity and the destiny of his research were also revealed in the letters.

The article presents a nationwide population response on the occasion of unexpected death of Zavaryan and his lively commemoration by the society. We have examined also two valuable articles of Tumanyan dedicated to Zavaryan – «Honest and Sincere» and «some character traits of Zavaryan», where the artist created the real and vivid image of Zavaryan, as a public figure and as just a human.

A so far unknown poem of Tumanyan, which was read in Berlin during the event dedicated to the memory Zavaryan is published for the first time.

Summary

Tereza S. Shahverdyan, Armen G. Haroutyunyan
Simon Zavaryan’s short-term pedagogical activities promoted within the framework of the Taron Education project held in 1909-1911 proves that having no special pedagogical education he displayed great organizational and managerial capabilities typical of a true theorist and sophisticated scholar, as well as a capacity to see something new. The distinguished thinker also displayed decorous pedagogical tact, smart and impartial exactingness.

S. Zavaryan could create lasting values of great significance in the field of pedagogy, ideas which are still actual and instructive. S. Zavaryan’s life itself may be considered a real sample of fair struggle for all intellectuals of today.

At the late 19th and early 20th centuries

Summary

Samvel S. Avetisyan
One of three founders of AR Federation – Simon Zavaryan was not only a social and political figure; he greatly contributed also to the development of the Armenian economic thought in the late 19th and early 20th century. He graduated from the one of the most eminent and democratic higher educational institutions – Petrovsky Agricultural Academy and engaged in affairs concerning agriculture in Caucasus, Zavaryan traveled all over Transcaucasia, especially in the provinces of Kutaisi, Yerevan and Yelizavetpol and in the region of Kars, he there examined the agriculture of the country and the life of the peasants, then he published series of valuable monographs and numerous scientific articles.

The following research is the first attempt to appreciate at its true value the scientific heritage of Simon Vratsyan, to explore the importance and currency of the ideas expressed in his works published in Russian and Armenian languages.

At present, even after one century, we can conclude due to the research/ examination of his scientific and social-political heritage that Zavaryan was revolutionary also in the sphere of agricultural economics and his propositions concerning the development of agriculture are very urgent and relevant nowadays.

Summary

Arthur S. Ghazaryan
The article is a brief reference to the positions of Simon Zavaryan (one of the founders of AR Federation) concerning social justice. Living and taking his activities at the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when on one part Armenia was under the pressure of the Ottoman Empire and on the other part under the pressure of tsarist Russia, Zavaryan was not only against feudalism, he was really struggling against feudalistic system.One of Zavaryan’s ideas was that the development of the individual person should go on without the distinction of the class of language. Favorable conditions should be created for the development of every single person. In his articles Zavaryan also mentioned the importance of the correlation of justice and personal property; he thought that the concentration of too much property prevents the development of the individual.

The article also presents the means and ways suggested by Zavaryan that will lead to a fair society: to the establishment of socialism.

Summary

Mkrtich D. Danielyan (Vanadzor)
In the article we have analyzed the Pre-ARF and National (Narodnical) period of S. Zavaryan’s activity, who was one the founders of Armenian Revolutionary Union and influential figure of Armenian National Liberty Movement. According to the contemporaries, memoires and newfound archive documents S. Zavaryan’s activity and his participation in national narodnical different organizations, work group and his connection with Russian Narodnical members are presented. In the article we have reference to Zavaryan’s gradual transition into the problems of national liberty movement, his evolution as national political activist and from national parties to one of AR Federation founders.

On the occasion of the 90th year of death

Summary

Tadevos A. Khachatryan
The question of H. Tumanyan’s literary method overpassed through almost all stages of the Armenian literary criticism having no any specific solution. He was sometimes considered to be romantic, sometimes – realist, and even symbolist. And in most of the cases the assertions that he is realist or romantic have been groundless, because not any well-founded fact was mentioned in favor of any of his methods. He was considered to be realist especially in the soviet period. The academician E. Jrbashyan was taking Tumanyan’s work as the highest expression of realism and called it comparative realism. In the following article the work of Tumanyan has been examined as “Undated poetry”, that is, in a plane completely different of the method or of the question – to which the literary direction did he belong.

In the archival documents of The League of Nations (Geneva, Switzerland)

Edita G. Gzoyan
The article deals with the issue of Karabakh within the framework of the admission of the Republic of Armenia and Azerbaijan to the League of Nations in 1920. It reveals the grounds on which the international organization has rejeted the admission of the Republic of Azerbaijan, namely the non-sovereignty of the government and territorial desputes with neighboring states. Although the modern historians and experts of Azerbaijan mention only the first argument as a basis for refusal, however the archival documents of the League of Nations reveal that the 5th Commission of the League of Nations dealing with the admission of new states clearly grounded with boarder states. Besides, the letter of the Azerbaijani delegation directed to the President of the Frist Assembly of the League of Nations, countering to the arguments raised in the decision on the Azerbaijani admission, also proves that the issue of territorial disputes with Armenia over the districts of Zangezur and Karabakh and with Georgia over the districtt of Zakatala had served as one of the basis for the rejection of admission.

The article also presented the photocopies of relevant documents.

In Memory of the Martyred Writer and Intellectual

Summary

Anahit G. Nahapetyan
Poet, writer, literary critic Artashes Harutyunyan (1873-1915) was one of the benefactors of Western Armenian literature. He developed the literary-cultural program “Tomorrow’s Literature,” which had a contained message in the perception of national literature and corresponded to European historical-comparative and psychological perceptions.

While he was alive, the writer was able to publish three modest collections of poetry. However, while modest, almost 460 of those poems have been published in the pages of about 60 Armenian and French publications; compiling these works was undertaken by the author of this article. Artashes Harutyunyan’s views, the new percepts of his writings, old and newly discovered facts about him are disclosed in the article. His well known personality is revealed on the depths of Western Armenian literary culture from the critique of psychological literary interpretation, which is an innovative phenomenon and until today insufficiently elucidated.

Summary

Albert A. Makaryan

The article is dedicated to the printed and unprinted literary heritage of the prematurely de ceased daughter of the famous novelist Tserents, Taguhi Shishmanyan MelikAzaryants (pen nam e Miss Menik – 1859-1885). This authoress was not only her father’s virtuous “muse-daughter”, “gu ar dian-angel”, but also a shrewd thinker whose unprinted letters and memoirs contain infor mat ion of an inestimable value: on the one hand, they give the full depiction of Tseresnts’s life and literary wor ks, his public and political activity, present the history of the creation of his works; on the other hand, they reveal, specify and proofread the literary portrait of this or that thinker and revive the epoch.

The article also thoroughly analyzes the specific pattern of “little prose” entitled “A Meteor of Spring” written by the talented authoress and which has been preserved up till now. Just after the pub l ication (1883) this work has received great attention by the literary workers, such as Arpiar Arpi aryan, Mateos Mamuryan, Ervand Otyan, etc. This work is still of great interest for the modern A rmenian literature not only as a newlyopened road to short story genre, but also as an observation of man-woman relationship…