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ON THE FATE OF THE WESTERN ARMENIAN MODERN LITERATURE – 2009-3

Summary

Suren D. Danielyan
Western Armenian modern literature has a certain peculiarity of development – isolated character. Since its formation it has struggled for existence, on one hand, in relation to the Soviet Armenian literary socialist approaches and on the other hand trying to establish itself in foreign environment under alien influences and external different blows. In this work special attention is paid to the old and new approaches to this literature, assessments of the classical period, as well as Diaspora Armenian and Soviet Armenian estimations (V.Teryan, L.Shant, Sh.Sahnur, M.Teoleolyan, P.Sevak, Hr.Matevosyan, Er.Azatyan and others). The author alarms for the Western Armenian literary-cultural decline and puts forward proposals in the direction of restoration of the unity of the divided national literature.

SHAMAKHI AND THE SHAMAKHI’S ARMENIANS (from ancient times up to the end of the 20th century) – 2009-3

Summary

Gevorg S. Stepanyan
Since immemorial times the oldest city of Eastern Transcaucasia Shamakhi had been inhabited by Armenians, according to rich bibliographic and archive materials. A part of them considered it to be their native land. Local Armenians had as unified, social-economic and spiritual-cultural active life full of high level creative and scientificcultural work, as well as played significant role in the region’s development. Armenians presented an enlightened and viable element in the backward environment of the alien Turkic speaking population.

Frequent catastrophic earthquakes had negative impact on the natural growth of the Armenian population of Shamakhi. As a result of a destructive earthquake (May, 1859) in Shamakhi the provincial central administration was removed to Baku, thus Shamakhi lost gradually its former glory. The Armenians of Shamakhi suffered hard period especially in 1918. During their aggression against Baku the Turkish troops occupied Shamakhi (July 20) and massacred, forcibly Islamized and deproted the Armenian population of the city.The policy of repressions, deportations and ethnic cleansing commited against Armenians had been continued in the years of Musavatist Azerbaijan and the Soviet power, which followed the latter. In 1989 as a result of deportation Shamakhi was finally deprived of its Armenian population.

THE NATIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEM – 2009-2

In the context of the development challenges

Summary

Atom Sh. Margaryan
The problems of formation and development of the national system of innovation–one of the basic elements of modernization and development of the independent Republic of Armenia’s economy areanalyzed in this article. The author considers the role and significance of the scientific and technological spheres in contemporary conditions and, as a whole, in the light of the problems of the development of the world economy. It is noted that,the only possibility for the economy’s reconstruction and hightening the level of competitivness of the Republic of Armenia, which is in a great need of mineral and energy resources, is connected with substantial development of science and technology. For the solution of this problem, it is necessary to transfer economy to the newly introduced regime by the formation of the national newly established system, which is an organically integrated entity of science, technology and economy. It has the ability to create modern high technologies, new competitive commodities and services, which will guarantee the high level of the society’s welfare and development.

HISTORIC-LEGAL CONSEQUENCES OF THE TRIAL OF YOUNG TURKS – 2009-2

In the context of the international recognition of the Armenian Genocide 

Armen Ts. Marukyan
Despite all obvious deficiencies onesidedness and artificial mistakes commited at the trial of the Young Turks by the Turkish justice, it has had not only historic, but also very important legal and political significance for the historic-legal substantion of the fact of the Armenian Genocide. The Turkish Military tribunal found guilty the high officials also in the mass killings of Armenains. The proof of such a charge in the Turkish court meant indirect recognition of the Armenian Genocide by modern Turkey. Later, probably, as a result of it, the Kemalists tried to neutralize the decisions of the Military tribunals. From this point of view, it seems that at the present there is a need to internationalize the decisions of the Military tribunals, i.e. it is necessary to undertake the investigation of that lawsuit on the basis of available documents in the International court with a new condemnation againts the Turkish state-that it has been guilty in committing the Armenian Genocide.

THE STANDARD-BEARER OF THE WESTERN ARMENIAN PRESS – 2009-2

On the 100th anniversary of the newspaper “Azatamart” published in Constantinople

Mariam V. Hovepyan
During the years of its publication (1909-1915), the official newspaper of the Western Bureau of the ARF, “Azatamart, being the speaker of the party published also articles of the Armenian progressive society’s representatives. Thus “Azatamart” was not a narrow-party newspaper. It guaranteed publication of different opinions. From this point of view it was the most open newpaper in the reality of Western Armenia. “Azatamart”, compared with other Armenian newspapers at the beginning of the 20th century, was unsurpassed because of its rich materials and the methods of presenting opinions. “Azatamart”” taught many newspapers of that time and of the following decades the lessons of journalistic mastership and national solidarity.

THE RESEARCH OF HAKOB PARONYAN’S WORK: AN OUTLINE OF THE METHODOLOGY – 2009-2

Aram G. Alexanyan
The research of Hokob Paronyan’s work has passed a long way: articles and monographs were published, but his Weltanshahuung has not become the object of research. In reality, many contradicting, fleeting opinions had been expressed, but not a single systematized analysis has been done. Researchers were satisfied with innumeration of mentioning the authors’ names whose works had been read by Paronyan. Thus cognitive roots of the atirist’s philosophy have remained out of the scope of their research.

The author of the articles tresses that,the philosophy of Paronyan becomes certain mainly on the basis of the antique moral philosophy. Consenquently, his philosophy of life becomes important basically in the context of the necessity of the moral philosophy’s research. Such a methodology of research also gives a chance to reconsider anachronic, impolite formulation and characteristics given to the works of the satirist in the Soviet, vulgar sociologic literature.

GENEALOGY OF THE ZAVARYAN-ZAVRIEVS – 2009-2

The branches of the Armenian nobility of Northern Lori (Somkhety)

Sergey K. Zavirev, Sonya S. Mirzoyan
The Zavaryan-Zavriev family originated from the nobility-aznavurs of Northern Lori (Somkhety). During different administrative systems it was mentioned under the names Zavarashvili, Zavarishvili, Zavrashvili, Zavrov, Zavarov, Ab-Zavaradze, Abrozavrov etc. In spite of the Georgian and later Russian endings of the family name, they, unlike Georgian nobles,were the nobles of the “Armenian law”, i.e. the Armenians belonging to the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Beginning from 1655, the time of the King of Kartl, Rostom, the rights of the Zavarashvili-Zavarishvili over urban settlement Gilaghdagh or Giligdak (Gaili gyaduk) and surrounding villages were repeatedly recognized by the rulers of Georgia.

The Zavarashvilis were recognized as a noble family of the Russian Empire by the Georgievsk Tractate (1783), too. They were mentioned under No 48th in the list of noble families of the Tractate.Before that, starting from the 1730s, during the devastating invasions of the Lezgins,thisfamilyofaznavursofnorthernLoribegantoleavetheirnativelandgradually,consequentlyitbranchedout.ThisArmenianfamilywasdividedintothebranchesof Malorosi or Ukrainian, Kakhetian or Sghnakh, Tbilssian and a little while later – Odzun Aigehatianor Armenia’s.

The Tbilssian Abo-Zavradze-Zavriev-Zavriyans branch of the family gave several political, military, cultural and scientific figures to the Armenian people. One of the founders of the ARF (Dashnaktsutyun) Simon Zavaryan was a representative of the fourth generation of the Odzun Aigehatianor Armenia’s Zavarov-Zavaryans branch rooted deeply in the native land.

THE ARMENIAN LITERARY CRITICISM, the past and present – 2009-2

Summary

Sergey N. Sarinyan

The author of the article, defining the subject of literary criticism, delineates the past of the Armenian literary criticism – from its origin to the present day. The Armenian literary critical thought originated from the 5th century. As it is noted, at its theoretical basis weret he theses about literature and art of the famous figures of the antique Greko-Roman and Hellenic culture,namely Plato,Aristotle,Horatio and Dionysius Thrax.

The grammar shcool directed the whole medieval Armenian litarary cryitical thought. The classicism originated from the 18th century based on the theorotical principle of Boileau’s “The Art of Poetry”. In the 19th century the historiography of the Armenian literature was formed owing to the works of Sukias Somalyan, Hovsep Gatrchyan, Stepanos Nazaryants, Stepanos Palasanyan, Garegin Zarbhanalyan. Biographic, historyic and cultural-historic methods are differentiated in literary criticism. The works of Hegel, August Cont, Belinski, SainteBeuve, Ipolit Ten, Georg Brandes and other famous thinkers echoed in the views of the Armenian literary ctirics.

The so called “revolution of methods” took place in the literary criticism of the 20th century. Sociologic, psychological, formalistic, Marxist and othe rmethods -up to so-called “new criticism (structuralism)” – were formed. Philosophy of literature has wide perspectives, i.e. the philosophic direction in literary criticism.

ECONOMICS-THE EXPERIENCE OF GLOBAL CRISES AND ARMENIA – 2009-1

Atom Sh. Margaryan
Based upon the experience of global financial and economic crises, this article examines the issues surrounding the development of the Republic of Armenia’s current financial system. The concept of the modern study of crises is touched upon, in particular, the character of financial crises are discussed, the reason for their emergence, the different stages, and to overcome these, scientific and theoretical issues. Accordingly, a crisis is viewed as one of the stages in the natural development of the national economic cycle.

By classifying crises, cyclical, structural and coordinated crises are identified and studied.

The rise and expansion of Kondratiev waves are discussed. Within the context of observing economic crises, the peculiarities of the manifestation of global financial crises and their influence on the economy of the Republic of Armenia are discussed.

Accordingly, the hypothetical assertion is put forward, that during a global economic crisis, those countries in transition or developing countries are affected more severely, because crises have a cyclical characteristic; added to these are structural, coordinated and institutional crises.

As a result of studying the economic situation in the Republic of Armenia, recommendations are made based upon the conclusions and generalities, the application of which will provide the ability to overcome the crisis or to soften its blow.

These apply not only to political and institutional structures, but also to fiscal and monetary-credit policies.

THE QUESTION OF THE ARMENIAN LANDS AT THE SOVIET-TURKISH NEGOTIATIONS (1967-1973) – 2009-2

The secret report of Colonel Gurgen Nalbandyan and parallel documents

A. H.
The Russian-Turkish Treaty of March 16 1921 (known as the Moscow Treaty)and based on it and enforced upon Soviet Armenia the Kars Treaty of October 13 1921 were originally illegal acts aimed the partition of the Republic of Armenia third countries. These treaties became the subject of controversies on the one hand between Turkey and the USSR and on the other – Soviet Armenia and the central authorities of the USSR. They became critical especially during the works (1969-1973) of the Soviet-Turkish joint commission formed according to the Protocol (signed on February 28 1967) about re-delineation of the boundary between the USSR and Turkey.

At the last session (December 1973) of the joint commission, the Turkish side was doing everything to coax out additional assurances from the USSR about the inviolability of the SovietTurkish boundary, and finally had achieved its goal. In December 1973, when celebrations took place in the conference-hall of the foreign ministry of Turkey on occasion of signing the documents, and, particularly, the communiqué containing the article about mutual “principles of inviolability of boundaries, territorial integrity, independence, sovereignty, equality”, a member of the USSR joint delegation (which arrived in Ankara), the representative of Soviet Armenia, Colonel Gurgen Nalbandyan openly stood up against the demands of the Turkish side and the compliant position of the USSR delegation. Unlike his colleague, the representative of Soviet Georgia, historian O. Gigineyshvili who betrayed at the last moment, Gurgen Nalbandyan refused to sign the Soviet-Turkish final communiqué, as well as to participate in the official ceremony. Moreover, after the closure of the final session of the joint commission, on December 31, 1973, Gurgen Nalbandyan returning to Yerevan, in his report presented to the authorities of Soviet Armenia, courageously criticized the behavior of the USSR delegation’s leadership which, almost under the open pressure of the Ministry of foreign affairs of Turkey, exceeded its authority and included political theses in the document of a technical character about re-delineation of the SovietTurkish boundary.